Malnutrition and Nutrition Programs in Malaysia

Malnutrition and Nutrition Programs in Malaysia Contents (Jump to) CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2: BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION IN MALAYSIA CHAPTER 3: CURRENT MALNUTRITION INTERVENTION PROGRAMMES-The aims, strategy and evaluation 3.1 Breastfeeding program 3.2 Rehabilitation Program for Malnourished Children 3.3 Other Main Nutrition Intervention Programs CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION To compare with the developed countries CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION CHAPTER 7: REFERRENCE CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION Malnutrition in all its forms is defined as all forms of poor nutrition. It relates to imbalances in energy, and specific macro and micronutrients- as well as in dietary patterns. Conventionally, the emphasis has been in relation to inadequacy, but it also applies to excess intake or inappropriate dietary patterns. It is a wide term commonly used as alternative to under-nutrition but technically it also refers over-nutrition. Child malnutrition was associated with 54% of child death (10.8 million children) in developing countries in 2001, although is it rarely the direct cause of death. Undernutrition is the direct result of inadequate dietary intake, the presence of disease, or the interaction of these two factors. The risk of dying from a disease as twice as high for mildly malnourished children, 5 times as high for those moderately malnourished and 8 times greater for children classified as severe malnourished when compared to normal children (UNICEF 1996). Underlying causes for malnutrition are varied. Infections among children, including helminthiasis can contribute to malnutrition, manifested as anaemia, stunting and/or impaired childhood development. Recurrent sickness and diarrhoea among infants who are not breastfed can result in malnutrition and eventually impact their normal growth and development. Tuberculosis among young people and adults is linked to poor nutrition. On the other hand, dietary patterns are shifting from traditional diets to diets in which predominantly processed foods are consumed. These foods are of limited nutritional quality, in many cases rich in saturated fats, sugar and salt. While the burden of undernutrition among children and chronic energy deficiency (CED) in adults continue to be major nutritional concerns in many parts of Asia, the burden of overweight and obesity is becoming increasingly widespread in the region (Khor 2008). Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal and excessive fat accumulation that present a risk of health. They are associated with non-communicable diseases such as stroke, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and certain form of cancer. Apart from that, recent research showed that undernutrition during early life can later lead to overweight or obesity by prompting energy conservation mechanism in the body that can persist into adulthood. Severe nutritional deprivation in fetal and early post-natal period followed by a rapid catch-up growth in early childhood is now known to increase the risk of overweight and obesity (Florentino 2014). WHO (2008) estimates more than 1.4 billion adults, 20 and older, were overweight which over 200 million men and nearly 300 million women were obese. Overall, more than 10% of the world’s adult population was obese. The global prevalence of overweight and obesity in children aged five to 19 years is 10% (Kipping et al. 2008). It was also reported that worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity in preschool children increased from 4.2% in 1990 to 6.7% in 2010 and the prevalence in Asia is 4.9%, with the number of affected children was about 18 million and this trend is expec ted to reach 9.1%, or 60 million, in 2020 (Onis et al. 2010). CHAPTER 2: BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION IN MALAYSIA From the period before and after several years of independence, Malaysia was an underdeveloped country with high rate of poverty and hunger. Poverty is closely associated with limited access to healthy food and poor access to health care leading to problems such as undernutrition and other related illnesses. Recent National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) IV has revealed that the prevalence of underweight and wasting for children aged below 18 years is 16.1 and 17.8% respectively and it was reported 6.1% children were obese. Study by Poh et al. (2013) among children 6 months to 12 years showed that the prevalence of overweight (9 ·8 %) and obesity (11 ·8 %) was higher than that of thinness (5 ·4 %) and stunting (8 ·4 %). It would appear that the results of the NHMS 2011 indicated a higher prevalence of undernutrition than that of overnutrition, while Poh et al. (2013) reported the opposite was true. It may be due to different cut-off point as NHMS using CDC (2000) while Poh et al. (2013) using WHO growth chart or could be due to the different sampling protocol. We can conclude that Malaysia still shows higher prevalence of undernutrition and at the same time increasing trend of overweight and obesity. Developing countries including Malaysia are in a state of rapid economic transition as a result of generally improving incomes, increasing industrialization, urbanization and globalization. This has given rise to changing lifestyle and diet from one with high level physical of activity and diets based mostly on plant food, to one with higher level of sedentary lifestyle and diet of increasing energy based such as high carbohydrate, high sugar and high in fat. The excess energy from these foods may affect adult and children within the family differently. For instance, young children may easily use up the excess energy and still be underweight while adults may end up gaining weight. These changes in consumption and physical activity lead to rising prevalence of overweight and obesity especially in adults consequently increasing in NCD. The changes in socio-economic developments over the years in Malaysia have brought an improvement in the overall nutritional status of the country. However, pockets of malnutrition still exist, particularly among the rural areas. Therefore, Malaysia now has to face double burden of malnutrition (DBM) as the new trend emerge in. CHAPTER 3: CURRENT MALNUTRITION INTERVENTION PROGRAMMES-The aims, strategy and evaluation The aim of nutrition program is to plan, implement and develop nutrition services to achieve and maintain the nutritional well-being of the population and promote healthy eating practices. The program aims to monitor and evaluate the nutritional status of Malaysian population and assist in nutritional surveillance. It also to plan, implement and evaluate the nutrition health programs, activities and promotion. Nutrition interventions to improve the nutritional well-being of the Malaysian population have been implemented by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with other ministries. The programs and activities that have been carried out include alleviation of macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies, nutrition promotion and improving household food security. 3.1 Breastfeeding program Malaysia has outlined a few strategies in order to combat malnutrition in children and adolescents. It starts from birth of the baby by promoting exclusive breastfeeding up to six months of age as according to National Breastfeeding Policy. The aim is to ensure the baby get the benefits and nutrient from breast milk. Study shows that breastfeeding is protective against infections and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and this effect is stronger when breastfeeding is exclusive (Fern R. Hauck 2011). In 1993, the Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia adopted the WHO/UNICEF Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI). This initiative aims to increase breastfeeding among all women in Malaysia in line with the WHO recommendation of at least six months of exclusive breastfeeding, to empower women to make right choices on feeding their babies and to create conducive conditions in hospital and thereafter for women who wish to breastfeed. In addition, MOH initiated Baby Friendly Clinic project in 2006 targeting health clinics and rural clinics in Malaysia. It aims to encourage mothers to breastfeed their babies exclusively from birth up to the first six months and continue until two years old. Study by Tan (2011) showed the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers with infants aged between one and six months was 43.1% (95% CI: 39.4, 46.8). Prevalence of timely initiation was 63.7% (CI: 61.4 65.9) and the continued prevalence of breastfeeding up to two years was 37.4% (CI: 32.9 42.2) (Fatimah Jr et al. 2010). The findings suggest that the programmes implemented in the last ten years were effective in improving the prevalence of ever breastfeeding, timely initiation of breastfeeding and continued breastfeeding up to two years 3.2 Rehabilitation Program for Malnourished Children The main macronutrient deficiency problem among Malaysian children is protein and energy malnutrition. This is manifested in children of being underweight for their age. Rehabilitation Program for Malnourished Children, better known as â€Å"Food Basket Program† has been started by Ministry of Health in 1989 as an effort government to increase the health and nutritional status among children under 6 years old (Ministry of Health 2009). In these program children that fulfilled the criteria will be given â€Å"food basket† to help them have a balanced and nutritious diet so that they could have optimum physical and mental growth. The children were also given close attention and appropriate treatment on any sickness, health education and proper health care. The criteria for eligibility are children aged between 6 months to 6 years old who are severe underweight (weight-for-age less than -3SD of the median) or moderate underweight (weight-for-age between -2SD and -3SD) and from hardcore poor families (household income less than RM430 or RM110 per capita for Peninsular Malaysia; less than RM540 or RM115 per capita for Sabah and less than RM520 or RM115 per capita for Sarawak). The objectives of the programme are to improve health and nutritional status through food and micronutrient supplementation, to improve health through provision of sanitary facilities and clean water supply and to improve health through providing education on health and nutrition. They are given foods and multivitamin supplement every month until they are recovered, with the minimum period if six months of supplements. The basic food items include rice, wheat flour, anchovies, cooking oil, dry green bean, biscuits and full cream milk. These food supply approximately 102% to 140% of the child’s Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for calorie and 204% to 222% RDA for protein. There were 13 choices of food basket available to qualified children for an estimated price of RM150 for each basket. The number of recipient for this programme has decreased since it began, from 12,690 children in 1989 to 5157 in 2009 (Ministry of Health 2011). In 2010, under the National Key Results Areas (NKRA), this programme was extended to the poor and vulnerable poor family (household income less than RM2000 a month) through the 1Azam Programme. Meanwhile, in 2012, under the Government Transformation Programme, this programme was also extended to the natives in Perak, Pahang and Kelantan through the Community Feeding Programme (PCF) and the provision of food baskets (PEMANDU 2012). 3.3 Other Main Nutrition Intervention Programs Full cream milk powder is distributed through the Maternal and Child Health Clinics to underweight children aged 6 months to 7 years, pregnant women who have not gained adequate weight, and low income lactating mothers with multiple births. One kg of milk powder for each underweight child is given per month for 3 consecutive months, after which each case is reviewed and supplementation is continued if necessary. The School Supplementary Feeding Program (SSFP) of the Ministry of Education provides a free meal to primary schoolchildren from poor families. Each meal is estimated to provide one-quarter to one-third of the recommended daily allowances (RDA) for energy and protein. The main objective of SSFP is to improve the health and nutritional status of children, especially those from the rural areas, through a provision of a wholesome and balanced meal. Other objectives are to improve health and food habits and to prevent the occurrence of malnutrition among school children, to educate children on food selection, to encourage the participation of parents, teachers and public in the welfare of the school and to strengthen health and nutrition programs in schools. The Ministry of Education also provides milk in 200-mL packages to primary schoolchildren. The School Milk Programme (SMP) runs simultaneously with the Supplementary Food Scheme. The programme is targeted for poor students whose family income is below the poverty level. Besides, to ensure students receive a well-balanced diet in school, the programme is also aimed at increasing the quality of health and nutritional value of food for primary students for better physical growth, mental health and general well-being. The SMP also encourages students to consume milk early in their life. In 2010, this programme has been rebranded to 1Malaysia Milk Programme. CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION Many developed and developing countries showing reducing trend of undernutrition but increasing trend of overweight and obesity. However, rising in overweight is not necessarily associated with a fall of underweight or stunting. Developed countries mainly facing overnutrition problems and the focus of nutritional programme is to combat overweight and obesity especially among children as it becoming one of the most significant challenges in public health. However, in most developing countries especially in Malaysia, we can still see higher prevalence of underweight and stunting especially among children but with gradual decreasing trend. With the ongoing socio-economic transition in Malaysia, accompanied by the demographic and health transition and changing food supply and consumption patterns, overweight and obesity especially among adult and adolescent has becoming a public health epidemic. Increasing trend of obesity among adult and with high prevalence of underweight among children gives rise to DBM phenomenon and this phenomenon affects many developing countries. The co-existence of under and overnutrition not only occurred within the country as a whole, but also within households. Study by Ihab et al. (2013) among sample in rural area found that the prevalence of overweight mother/underweight child (OWM/UWC) pairs was 29.6%, whereas the prevalence of normal weight mother/normal weight child (NWM/NWC) pairs was 15.2%. A household with an underweight child and an overweight or obese adult is the typical dual burden household for developing countries undergoing rapid transitions. This phenomenon will be a big challenge especially for food intervention programs to be implemented in the future. Undernutrition affects physical and mental health and performance throughout the lifespan, while overnutrition gives rise to an increasing rate of chronic diseases occurring at earlier and earlier ages. Though known interventions exist for undernutrition and overweight/obesity independently, clear, evidence-based recommendations for the prevention of DBM have not yet emerged. Thus, new and innovative strategies will be required to counter the rise of the DBM in Malaysia. Collaboration across sectors, accompanied by an effective coordination mechanism, should join the efforts of those within and outside the nutrition community to address the DBM. Improving country-level capacity to coordinate nutrition actions is critical. Countries with both child stunting and women’s obesity rarely implement comprehensive interventions, and in 2010 only one quarter of countries with the DBM had coordination mechanisms to address both problems (WHO 2013). Current nutrition interventional programmes should be continued and at the same time there is an urgent need to come out with new strategies to tackle both side of malnutrition. Country need to engage and coordinate new stakeholders, combining multi-sectoral and intersectoral approaches, including engaging private sector to address the complexity of issues related to the reduction of DBM. CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION The emergence of DBM is a relatively new phenomenon and is most prevalent in middle income countries including Malaysia. Low income countries and high income countries are less common to have DBM as low income countries tend to have higher prevalence of underweight while high income countries tend to have higher prevalence of overweight. In order to solve the newly emerging nutrition problems in a new context requires continuous and strong effort in health and nutrition promotion. This includes the need to find effective solution for childhood malnutrition with sustainable reduction in stunting, underweight and micronutrients deficiencies, along with measures to identified and control the obesity and overweight problems. CHAPTER 7: REFERRENCES Fatimah Jr, S., S. H. Siti, A. Tahir, I. M. Hussain F. Y. Ahmad 2010. Breastfeeding in Malaysia: Results of the Third National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS III) 2006. Malaysian journal of nutrition 16(2): 195-206. Fern R. Hauck, J. M. D. T., Kawai o. Tanabe 2011. Breastfeeding and reduced risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: a Meta-analysis Paediatric 128(1): 103-110. Florentino, R. F. 2014. The Double Burden of Malnutrition in Asia: A Phenomenon Not to be Dismissed. Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies 26(2): 133. Ihab, A. N., A. Rohana, W. W. Manan, W. W. Suriati, M. S. Zalilah A. Rusli 2013. The coexistence of dual form of malnutrition in a sample of rural Malaysia. International journal of preventive medicine 4(6): 690. Khor, G. L. 2008. Food-based approaches to combat the double burden among the poor: challenge in the Asian context. Asia Pacific Journal 17: 111-115. Kipping, R. R., R. Jago D. A. Lawlor. 2008. Obesity in children. Part 1: Epidemiology, measurement, risk factors, and screening Ed. 337. Ministry of Health 2009. Garis Panduan Program Pemulihan Kanak-kanak Kekurangan Zat Makanan. Ministry of Health 2011. Semakan Separa Penggal Pelan Tindakan Pemakanan Kebangsaan Malaysia 2006 2015. Onis, M. D., M. Blo ¨ssner E. Borghi 2010. Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children. The Americal Journal of Clinical Nutrition 92(5): 1257-1264. PEMANDU 2012. Raising Living Standards of Low Income Households. Global Transformation Programme 2.0: 154 156. Poh, B. K., B. K. Ng, M. D. Siti Haslinda, S. Nik Shanita, J. E. Wong, S. B. Budin, A. T. Ruzita, L. O. Ng, I. Khouw A. K. Norimah 2013. Nutritional status and dietary intakes of children aged 6 months to 12 years: findings of the Nutrition Survey of Malaysian Children (SEANUTS Malaysia). British Journal of Nutrition 110(S3): S21-S35. Tan, K. L. 2011. Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding among infants under six months of age in peninsular malaysia. Int Breastfeed J 6(2): 1-7. WHO. 2013. Global nutrition policy review: what does it take to scale up nutrition action?

Metalworks Case

| 2012| | KLU | Metalworks case study| Students: | Introduction : Metalwork is a company supplying cabinets and safety boxes. At the moment it has two plants and two warehouses which are â€Å"Des Moines† and â€Å"Dover†. Metalwork also uses an external supplier in case they can’t meet the demand. However in the case Metalwork has to buy products from supplier it doesn’t make any profit since the selling price $75 for the cabinet and $107 equals the buying price.Regarding this situation Metalwork has decided to improve its logistic efficiency by either increasing its capacity in â€Å"Des Moines† or investing in Juarez, Mexico by building up a new factory. Our job in this condition is to analyze the best option, to optimize the logistic efficiency and help Metalwork make a decision. At first we will see and optimize the current logistic system and then we will try to run the two solutions. And see which one is the best in order to give Metalwork th e best possible answer. Baseline scenario 1: without distance constrains and with direct shipment from supplier to customers.The first job we had to do was to actualize every data and verify everything was correct. This work consisted in adding the data for the 3 time periods missing (2011-2012-2013). So we added the data regarding warehouse capacity, production capacity, production costs, and customers demand. We allowed direct shipment from the supplier to customers. We also checked the flows between every actor of the logistic process (exhibit 1). We use the Rail Warehouses Midwest between warehouses and ABC fleet carrier from warehouses to customers. Then we made the software run for a first try and saw the results.So as a result we can see that first the scenario is feasible. Hopefully by the way since it is how the Metalwork is supposed to work. We can see that the total cost (which contains manufacturing, transportation, warehousing, variables, and holding costs) is $321  7 41  907 75 and total profit of $2  001  748  527 44. So the situation is pretty good since the company realizes profits. We can also see that in this baseline scenario we order 629  398 84 units to our supplier. Units on which we don’t make any profit. So we can clearly see that there is a need to invest in order to meet the demand thanks to our products.Baseline scenario 2 without distance constrains and without direct shipment from supplier to customers. In this scenario we will try to see if it is possible work without direct shipment from the supplier to the customers. That is why the lane visual changes compared to the first one. The answer in this case is that this scenario is not feasible, because of warehouses capacity. Indeed we begin to see that it is necessary to work with more than 2 warehouses. Baseline scenario with direct shipment and with distance constrains for warehouse to customer. In this scenario we will introduce constraints regarding the maxim um distance to customers.Indeed high quality service and responsiveness is highly important to Metalwork that is why we add a distance constraint of maximum 800 miles to Tier 1 customers and 1000 miles to Normal customers. We keep the same data and the same lanes and logistic system. Except that we allow this time delivery from the supplier to the customers. Because if not we would have add the same problem as in the second scenario since the situation is even harder regarding the distance constraints. That is why we decided to run it with this scenario. So we can see that the two warehouses supply the customers in within the 1000 miles away.That is why the supplier has to send directly to the other customers and also to supply the rest that is needed by the customers. We can see that only having two warehouses is really not enough. In this situation the supplier has much more importance and that has huge effects on the costs. Dual supply On the diagram bellow we can see that the su pplier has a huge importance on the production since it produces even more than the Plant in Dover. So in this situation we can see that the total costs have dramatically increased from $341  741  907 75 to $887  796  558, 11 and the profit has gone down to $1  435  693  607, 07.The manufacturing cost is really high: 749  750  420 $ compared to 138  145  001$ in the first scenario. Regarding the new constraint we really realize that Metalwork needs to invest in new plant and in new warehouses. Baseline scenario with direct shipment and with distance constrains for warehouse to customer and supplier to customer. The scenario is not feasible because the warehouse capacity is limited and the distance from supplier to some customers is greater than the distance restriction. We decided to apply this restriction because we fought it was necessary to apply the distance constraints to the supplier also.Indeed the service level must be equal for every product to every c ustomer. Indeed the customer doesn’t need to know and don’t care if the product is from the supplier plant or Metalwork plant. Increased demand scenario in Des Moines We increase capacity of Des Moines. The production capacity of the safety boxes increases by 25% and cabinets by 50%. We set the additional $1  250 000 operation costs. And we decrease the cost for each unit produced in Des Moines by 50 cents. We apply these directives into our data base for every time period. We also add the possibility to go from 2 warehouses to 4 warehouses for the 4 time period.Two of the warehouses are fixed. One in Des Moines and one in Dover. So in this scenario we can see that the total cost has decreased compared to the first baseline scenario. Now we have a total cost of $248  104  881 97 and a profit of $2  075  385  283 22 which is much higher than in the first baseline scenario. We can also notice that with these investments the supplier is no longer needed. So th e objective achieved. Plus we have 100% of the demand met. We clearly see that the Plant in Des Moines is the main motor of Metalwork. Plus even with the distance constraint we see that the scenario is feasible.This is able thanks to the 2 more warehouses available. So as we see on the map bellow, all the customers are supplied and the 4 warehouses are dispatched on every side of the United States. Plus there are only a few customers supplied by two warehouses, because of warehouse capacity. So clearly the result is conclusive. The demand is met the costs go down and the profit rises. Double supply Mexican Plant scenario In this scenario the objective of Metalwork is to improve the network of its plants and also to relocate its investment into a low labor cost country.The opening cost of this plant opening is $5  000  000. In order to make this scenario work we had to reset the data for the 4 time period, that is to say cancel the downsize in costs and production capacity in Des Moines. We also forbid the direct shipment from supplier to customer if needed. And used the railway West transportation for Railway warehouses West to supply our products to the warehouses. But we still have the same problem as in the previous scenario that is to say that some customers are supplied by two warehouses. Double supplyAs we can see can see in the chart below, our total cost is $ 243  950  541 68 which is smaller than in the previous scenario. The profit is also a little bit higher, with $2  079  539  623 51. 100% of the demand is met so we can say that the objective is met. And with better results on every side whether it is financial or quality we can say that we would recommend this investment rather than the first one. However this also depends on the image the brand wants to have, something such as made in America and avoid social problems in the plants.When the activity is relocated. We can see on the last chart that the production almost equally balanc ed between Des Moines and Juarez. The good thing is that the supplier is no longer needed. So every unit sold makes the company make profit. Conclusion: 1. After comparing the different scenarios based on the guidelines we had, we found that the scenario that involved building a plant in Juarez, Mexico turns out to be the best one. 2. While comparing the increased capacity scenario and the â€Å"Mexico† scenario we found that they are nearly the same.In both of these scenarios we find that we don’t need an external supplier, we would be able to supply the demand on our own. 3. Compared to the baseline scenario we can see that increasing the number of warehouses decreases the overall total costs. 4. While optimizing the solution, we figured out that having to use two given warehouses might not be the optimal choice, those two warehouses should be catalogued as potential, the maximum number of warehouses should be increased. 5. We observed baseline scenarios can’t compete with the improved capacity scenario or the â€Å"Mexico† scenario since the cost of buying from a supplier is too high.

Conjunction Worksheet

Name ______________________________ Period ______ Date _____________ Conjunctions Practice Worksheet A. Match the sentence halves to make a complete sentence. Draw lines between the two. |Both Peter |but we have enough money. | |Not only do we want to go |neither true nor realistic. | |Either Jack will have to work more hours |and I are coming next week. | |That story was |either his career or his hobby. |Students who do well not only study hard |but also use their instincts if they do not know the answer. | |In the end he had to choose |or we will have to hire somebody new. | B. Combine the following sentences into one sentence using paired conjunctions (conjunctions that go together). Choose from the following options: both †¦ and; not only †¦ but also; either †¦ or; neither †¦ nor 1. We could fly. We could go by train. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 2.She will have to study hard. She will have to concentra te to do well on the exam. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Jack is not here. Tom is in another city. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. The speaker will not confirm the story. The speaker will not deny the story. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Pneumonia is a dangerous disease. Small pox is a dangerous illness. _____________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Fred loves traveling. Jane wants to go around the world. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 7. It might rain tomorrow. It might snow tomorrow. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Playing tennis is good for your heart. Jogging is good for your health. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________ C.Below you will find clauses that need a conjunction to create a compound sentence. Choose the conjunction that makes the most sense in the sentence. 1. You can come to the meeting ____ you can hear all the information. a. So b. Because c. While d. Until e. Nevertheless 2. I’m not leaving _____ I get an apology from you. a. So b. Because c. While d. Until e. Nevertheless 3. I came here _____ you could give me an explanation. a. So b. Because c. While d. Until e. Nevertheless 4. Bob is very tall _____ Bill is very short. a. So b. Because c. While . Until e. Nevertheless 5. You look frightened _____ there is nothing to be scared of. a. So b. Because c. While d. Until e. But 6. I refuse to pay anything _____ you do the work properly. a. So b. Because c. While d. Until e. But 7. I’m going shopping for food this evening _____ I am having guests for dinner. a. But b. While c. Until d. Because e. So 8. You seem happy _____ you are smiling all the time. a. But b. While c. So d. Because e. Nevertheless 9. I don’t mind if you go out for lunch _____ we will take a break at noon. a. So b. Because Conjunction Worksheet Name ______________________________ Period ______ Date _____________ Conjunctions Practice Worksheet A. Match the sentence halves to make a complete sentence. Draw lines between the two. |Both Peter |but we have enough money. | |Not only do we want to go |neither true nor realistic. | |Either Jack will have to work more hours |and I are coming next week. | |That story was |either his career or his hobby. |Students who do well not only study hard |but also use their instincts if they do not know the answer. | |In the end he had to choose |or we will have to hire somebody new. | B. Combine the following sentences into one sentence using paired conjunctions (conjunctions that go together). Choose from the following options: both †¦ and; not only †¦ but also; either †¦ or; neither †¦ nor 1. We could fly. We could go by train. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 2.She will have to study hard. She will have to concentra te to do well on the exam. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Jack is not here. Tom is in another city. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. The speaker will not confirm the story. The speaker will not deny the story. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Pneumonia is a dangerous disease. Small pox is a dangerous illness. _____________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Fred loves traveling. Jane wants to go around the world. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 7. It might rain tomorrow. It might snow tomorrow. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Playing tennis is good for your heart. Jogging is good for your health. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________ C.Below you will find clauses that need a conjunction to create a compound sentence. Choose the conjunction that makes the most sense in the sentence. 1. You can come to the meeting ____ you can hear all the information. a. So b. Because c. While d. Until e. Nevertheless 2. I’m not leaving _____ I get an apology from you. a. So b. Because c. While d. Until e. Nevertheless 3. I came here _____ you could give me an explanation. a. So b. Because c. While d. Until e. Nevertheless 4. Bob is very tall _____ Bill is very short. a. So b. Because c. While . Until e. Nevertheless 5. You look frightened _____ there is nothing to be scared of. a. So b. Because c. While d. Until e. But 6. I refuse to pay anything _____ you do the work properly. a. So b. Because c. While d. Until e. But 7. I’m going shopping for food this evening _____ I am having guests for dinner. a. But b. While c. Until d. Because e. So 8. You seem happy _____ you are smiling all the time. a. But b. While c. So d. Because e. Nevertheless 9. I don’t mind if you go out for lunch _____ we will take a break at noon. a. So b. Because

Computer and Internet Terms in Spanish

If you travel to a country where Spanish is spoken, chances are that sooner or later youll find yourself using a computer. For English speakers, the Spanish of computers and the internet can be surprisingly easy—in areas of technology, many Spanish terms were adopted from English, and many English words in the sciences come to us via Latin or Greek, which are also the sources of Spanish words. Even so, Spanish vocabulary related to computers and the internet remains in a state of flux; some purists have objected to the direct import of English words. Because of this, for example, a computer mouse will sometimes be referred to simply as a mouse (pronounced as maus), but the word ratà ³n is used as well. And some words are used in different ways by different people and publications; for example, youll see references both to la internet (because the word for network, red, is feminine) and el internet (because new words in the language typically are masculine by default). These variations should be kept in mind if using the following list of computer and internet terms. Although the terms given here are all used by Spanish speakers somewhere, word choice may depend on the region and preference of the individual speaker. In some cases, there may also be other spellings or alternative terms that arent listed here. In most cases, imported English words related to technology tend to keep the English pronunciation or something approximating it. Computer Terms in Spanish: A–L address (in email or on a website): la direccià ³napp: la  app (the word is feminine), la aplicacià ³nat symbol (): la arrobabackslash (\): la barra invertida, la barra inversa, la contrabarrabackup: la copia de seguridad (verb, hacer una copia/archivo de seguridad)bandwidth: la amplitud de bandabattery: la pilabookmark: el favorito, el marcador, el marcapà ¡ginasboot (verb):  iniciar,  prender, encenderbrowser: el navegador (web), el browserbug: el fallo, el error, el bugbutton (as on a mouse): el botà ³nbyte, kilobyte, megabyte: byte, kilobyte, megabytecable: el cablecache:  el cachà ©, la memoria cachecard: la tarjetaCD-ROM: CD-ROMclick (noun): el clicclick (verb): hacer clic, cliquear, presionar, pulsarcomputer: la computadora (sometimes el computador), el ordenadorcookie (used in browsers):  la cookiecrash (verb):  colgarse, bloquearsecursor: el cursorcut and paste: cortar y pegardata: los datosdesktop (of a computer screen): el escritorio, la pantalladigital: d igitaldomain: el dominiodot (in internet addresses): el puntodownload: descargardriver: el controlador de dispositivo, el driveremail (noun): el correo electrà ³nico, el email (plural los emails)email (verb):  enviar correo electrà ³nico, enviar por correo electrà ³nico, emailearerase, delete: borrarfile: el archivofirewall:  el contrafuegos, el firewallflash memory: la memoria flashfolder: la carpetafrequently asked questions, FAQ: las preguntas mà ¡s frecuentes, las preguntas de uso frecuente, las preguntas (mà ¡s) comunes, las FAQ, las PUFGoogle (as a verb):  googlearhard drive: el disco durohertz, megahertz, gigahertz: hertz, megahertz, gigahertzhigh resolution: resolucià ³n alta, definicià ³n altahome page: la pà ¡gina inicial, la pà ¡gina principal, la portadaicon: el iconoinstall: instalarinternet: la internet, el internet, la Redkey (of a keyboard): la teclakeyboard: el tecladokeyword: la palabra clavelaptop (computer): el plegable, la computadora portà ¡til, el ordenador portà ¡tilLCD: LCDlink: el enlace, la conexià ³n, el và ­nculo Computer Terms in Spanish: M–Z memory: la memoriamenu: el menà ºmessage: el mensajemodem: el mà ³demmouse: el ratà ³n, el mousemultitasking: la multitareanetwork: la redopen-source:  de cà ³digo abiertooperating system: el sistema operativo, el cà ³digo operacionalpassword: la contraseà ±aprint (verb): imprimirprinter: la impresoraprivacy; privacy policy:  la privacidad; la polà ­tica de privacidad, la pà ³liza de privacidadprocessor: el procesadorprogram: el programa (verb, programar)RAM: la RAM, la memoria RAMsave (a file or document): guardarscreen: la pantallascreensaver: el salvapantallassearch engine: el buscador, el servidor de bà ºsquedaserver: el servidorslash (/): la barra, la barra oblicuasoftware: el softwaresmartphone:  el telà ©fono inteligente, el smartphonespam: el correo basura, el spamstreaming: streamingtab (in a browser):  la pestaà ±aterms and conditions:  los tà ©rminos y condicionestoolbar: la barra de herramientasUSB, USB port: USB, puerto USBvideo: el videovirus: el v irusweb page: la pà ¡gina web (plural las pà ¡ginas web)website: el web (plural los webs), el sitio web (plural los sitios web)WiFi:  el wifiwindow: la ventanawireless: inalà ¡mbrico